Burnout in Therapists Profession

Burnout is a term used to signify the mental fatigue that often accompanies professional demands. The intensity of therapist burnout often differs between different therapists with indicators that vary from empathic slips to grumpiness and retorting at patients during therapy sessions. Therapist burnout levels are linked to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and individual sense of professional and personal accomplishment. The study used the Counselor Burnout Inventory to investigate the causes of burnout among therapists using a sample of 167 therapists.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Burnout in Therapists Profession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The findings of the research supported the main hypothesis, which stated that burnout was connected to interpersonal challenges. As established in the study, burnout among the therapists engaged in the sample increased in consistency with an increase i n the levels of interpersonal problems. The study findings indicated that the relationship between burnout and interpersonal challenges agreed with the perception of the process of psychotherapy as an interpersonal practice (Hersoug et al., 2001). That finding implied that personal events in therapists’ lives played a significant role in the way they performed their therapeutic duties. This relationship between interpersonal challenges and burnout can be attributed to personal stressors such as divorce, bereavement and bankruptcy, which increase therapist stress levels. While interpersonal problems affect the overall productivity of therapists, prolonged exposure to stressors directly elevate the levels of burnout. The way therapists respond to these stressors is likely to affect their burnout levels. People who approach interpersonal problems in a proactive and confrontational manner are capable of dealing more effectively with stressors than those who postpone or escape per sonal problems. Future studies in this area should focus on specific interpersonal stressors and how each contributes to therapist burnout. The study findings indicated no substantial variance regarding the personal experience of therapists who had undergone a process of therapy and its connection to burnout. The number of therapy sessions (if any) that the therapists had attended, or the focus of their previous therapists had little bearing on the burnout levels of individual therapists. It was understandable to expect therapy to relieve some amount of stress associated with therapeutic practice since therapy was supposed to assist individuals in dealing with stressors and personal problems. On the contrary, there was no difference between those who attended therapy and those who did not attend therapy in regards to burnout. However, since the study did not assess whether the respondents were undergoing therapy at the time of the study, it was impossible to determine any significan t variance between therapists who were attending therapy at the time of the study and therapists with past attendance experience. Future studies in this area should also investigate the reasons why the therapists seek therapy. The reasons for seeking therapy can have significant implications on the link between individual counselling attendance and burnout. A therapist who is currently attending therapy may have a higher burnout level than a person who attended therapy in the past because the problem that the therapist seeks to deal with is still existent. Despite the absence of an extensive literature or empirical studies supporting the significance of personal therapy in the therapeutic process, previous studies have discovered that most professional counselors feel that their personal counseling has positive effects on their professional output (Kottler, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More The findings concerning the relationship between demographic variables such as the age of a therapist and the number of years a therapist had been practicing typified the findings of previous studies (Baird Jenkins, 2003; Rupert Morgan, 2005). The study indicated that young therapists with little experience displayed more levels of burnout that their older, experienced counterparts. One possible explanation for that development was that young therapists who had little experience in the practice possessed limited control over their work environment and were, therefore, more aggravated by their working conditions. Moreover, younger, inexperienced therapists had limited control of the varieties of clients that they treated, unlike established therapists who possessed more liberty to choose the type clients that they met. For instance, an experienced therapist might have chosen to focus on treating patients who were able to pay out-of-pocket. The low burnout level s among older therapists could also be associated with a natural weeding process, in which therapists who had undergone burnout chose to quit the profession. Those who were left in therapy practice were, therefore, more resistant to burnout than inexperienced therapists. Another explanation for the decreasing burnout levels as therapists grew in experience was that more experienced therapists acquired means of dealing with challenges that accompanied clinical practice. The findings of this study indicated a little direct link between age (and experience) and a burnout. The hypotheses of the study were investigated for a linear association between demographic variables and burnout. However, contrary to the way the study depicted the relationship, it might not have been necessarily linear. There were a few limitations raised during the study. The primary area of concern was that, though the Counselor Burnout Inventory (CBI) seemed to portray a considerable level of quantitative face v alidity as well as strong psychometric characteristics, it was a technique of computation that was not as widely applied as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The MBI is a tool that is widely applied in academic research, which implements Maslach’s three-dimensional paradigm in assessing burnout levels. Maslach’s model factors in inefficacy, exhaustion and cynicism as components of job-related burnout, and is widely accepted. Though the CBI is specially designed to be used on counselors, it is not as applied as the MBI. This may affect the validity of the results of the study. Another limitation of the study concerned the representative sample used during the study. The sample comprised mainly of therapists of the white race with little representation from other racial communities. The fact that a considerable number of respondents who participated at the beginning of the study did not complete all the items that were asked also raised questions of bias.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Burnout in Therapists Profession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact that the study found a strong link between psychologist burnout and interpersonal problems showed the significance of self-care among psychologists so as to enhance their therapy effectiveness. More studies are still necessary to clearly delineate the connection between interpersonal problems and burnout, especially in clarifying whether interpersonal problems precede or follow therapist burnout. Studies can also be carried out to assess the levels of burnout among therapists before they commence practicing and during their practice to monitor the pattern of change in interpersonal problems. A burned out therapist lacks motivation and care towards his work and clients. The work becomes meaningless while the therapist becomes emotionally exhausted and non-responsive. It is important to identify burnout early so that it can be treated and eliminated. References Baird, S., Jenkins, S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency staff. Violence and Victims, 18(1), 71-86. Hersoug, A. G., HÃ ¸glend, P., Monsen, J. T., Havik, O. E., (2001). Quality of working alliance in psychotherapy: Therapist variables and patient/therapist similarity as predictors. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 10, 205-216. Kottler, A. J., (2010). On being a therapist. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons. Rupert, P. A., Kent, J. S. (2007). Gender and work setting differences in career-sustaining behaviors and burnout among professional psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(1), 88-96. 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Panopticism and Legalization of Prostitution

Panopticism and Legalization of Prostitution Free Online Research Papers In this paper we shall look at the relationship between an article on the printed media in relations to Michel Foucault’s social theory of Panopticism. Specifically, this paper examines the importance of Panopticism in today’s society using the issue of legalization of Prostitution as an example and concludes that Panopticism is a necessity that must be enforced in order for discipline, safety and function. Michel Foucault’s social theory of Panopticism is an instrument to disciplinary structure that allows the authority to have control and command over its subjects by asserting a manipulative power over the target group through a procedure of individualization and observation The theory can be visually represented by Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon , taking a prison building as an example; the Panopticon would be the tower in the middle of the building that can oversee each and every cell within its surrounding. The inside of the tower itself cannot be seen through; however, guards within the tower can have a panoramic view of the entire inside of the building. This allows the inmates to be observed and surveillance constantly and while inmates cannot be sure whether there’s a guard inside the tower or not they therefore cannot be sure if they’re being watched or not as well – leaving the precedence that they are being watched all the time. Foucault believes that the principles of the Panopticon; that is, the â€Å"ability to penetrate in to men’s behaviour† through the use of individualization and observation can be a â€Å"mechanism of power† a way of making â€Å"power relations function in a function, and of making a function function through these power relations.† Foucault insists that by extrapolating this principle and using it as a mechanism of power can allow for better efficiency where a small group can exercise authority over a much larger group. When applying Panopticism in situations that require disciplinary authority, Foucault argues that it can â€Å"serve to reform prisoners, but also to treat patients, to instruct school children, to confine the insane, to supervise workers, to put beggars and idlers to work.† By applying Panopticism into practice allows authority to control and protect groups and individuals from harm using often subtle methods but maximizing the disciplinary effect. The author of article to be introduced in this paper is an advocate for the need of Panopticism in the prostitution industry to ensure that the workers are protected from society’s threats. The printed media article under review is a recent newspaper clipping from the National Post. In it, it discusses the recent constitutional challenge that prostitutes in Canada have launched against Canada’s prostitution laws . The situation is such that currently in Canada prostitution is legal to an extent. There resides provisions in the Criminal Code that prevents prostitution to be exercised indoors. Running a brothel, doing business collectively, communicating-privately and acquiring help from others in the form of protection in the legal sense e.g. security guards are all deemed criminal under the Code. This can cover a wide and often blurred scope that there remains a possibility that even living with a prostitute may be criminal. Not only that, but there lies a more pressing matter that the criminalization of these elements of prostitution actually endangers the lives of these workers. The provisions infringes upon the rights of life and security guaranteed by secti on 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom by forcing prostitutes to remain outdoors to conduct their business the effect being that they are under the scrutiny of preying sociopaths and serial killers. The author of the article argues that the very nature of work for the prostitutes require them to â€Å"jump into the cars of the strangers after a few seconds of commercial negotiation† leaving the very realistic possibility of landing themselves in the car of a serial killer such a Robert William Pickton whom the author uses as an example of a sociopath that has been found guilty of murdering 49 prostitutes. Not only are these prostitutes risking their lives due to the law but what may happen to them is often remained unnoticed. The author furthers his argument that â€Å"If they [prostitutes] don’t show up at ‘work’ the next morning, they aren’t missed – except perhaps by their pimp they get noticed only when their remains pile up high enough to attract statistical attention† . The author screams the need for change, that there needs to be â€Å"regulatory oversight or a permanent health and security infrastructure† and satirically claims that â€Å"the effect of our laws is to maximize the death rate for prostitutes† . The essence of the author’s argument is thus that there needs to be an authority to monitor the prostitution business, that there must be some sort of power over regulating the business procedures of the practice and finally there needs to be recognition of the risks involved for the workers. The conclusion of the author is blatantly pointing towards the need of adapting a Panopticism approach to the issue at hand; that there must be some sort of all-seeing authority to recognize the risks of danger for the prostitute workers only if not to prevent sociopaths from treading close to them. It’s being conveyed by the author that there must be some sort of â€Å"regulatory oversight† or a â€Å"permanent health and security infrastructure† which can mean a numerous of options authorities can adapt in a legal context. First and foremost by â€Å"regulatory oversight† in a strictly legal sense means to set procedures and policies to a function. By asserting power over how the practice should be done legally and settings sanctions upon failure to do so by those exercising the practice, Panopticism is therefore functioning as a mechanism of disciplinary power in a business environment by first allowing the sellers (prostitutes) know that they are being watched by the law and thus must act accordingly, and the buyers know that the very people they are buying from are under the spotlight of a legal framework that controls the consistency of their service and thus protecting them as well from any risks that may involve otherwise in a non-controlled environment. A perfect example of regulatory oversight and the effect of Panopticism working flawlessly would be regulations concerning the payment of service. The sellers would have to report to practice to authority and maintain a license in an appro priate business manner under the surveillance of authority whilst the buyers have the security of knowing that their money would reap a return. Thus the challengers of the Constitution get the security that they ask for as their practice is now under observation from the law. Foucault would agree that by putting Panopticism into practice in this scenario would provide the discipline needed to protect these workers as â€Å"it arrests or regulates movements; it clears up confusion; it dissipates compact groupings of individuals wandering about the country in unpredictable ways; it establishes calculated distributions† . Therefore it also addresses the concerns of the author – people will now know if a worker doesn’t show for work. Secondly, the author suggested the necessity for a â€Å"permanent health and security infrastructure† to protect the workers. Once again, by having authorities setting up legal procedures that ensures health and security standards are met is another Panopticism approach in functioning as a mechanism of power towards another function. By setting health standards for both the seller and the buyer and monitoring whether the standards are met it provides security for both parties to know that not only are they protected from possible sexually transmitted diseases but it also provides a the individuals themselves to ensure they meet the health standards. In both cases it’s a win-win situation as the individuals protect their health and are also in knowing that the other party is healthy as both sides know they are being observed at all times – the Panopticon effect that Foucault mentions. Likewise, by providing a security infrastructure and allowing the hiring of help such as guards or even surveillance by the police, the prostitutes will no longer need to enter strangers cars to conduct business talks in private and sociopaths will no longer prey on wandering prostitutes on the sidewalks as they know but not with certainty whether they are being watched or not and thus inhibiting a fear upon them to not approach these women. It is clear by now that the author is an advocate for putting Panopticism into practice and rightly so. Something as simple as having regulations formally written on a piece of paper and standards set for health and security can already protect a large group of individuals from risks of dangers – even if these regulations and standards are not constantly monitored, the effect alone is sufficient to provide the security being seek for in the article. Michel Foucault would rightfully agree too as the purpose of Panopticism is to â€Å"obtain the exercise of power at the lowest possible cost† while bringing â€Å"effects of this social power to their maximum intensity †. In which case, by setting regulations, health and security infrastructures the authorities have inevitable exercised maximum power at a very low cost over a large group of society. Bibliography M. Foucault, Dicipline and Punish (New York: Vintage, 1979) N.A., Legalize the sex trade National Post (7 October 2009), A10 Research Papers on Panopticism and Legalization of ProstitutionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Economics and business strategies Research Paper

Economics and business strategies - Research Paper Example Practically, the objective of the team owners differs depending on the nation, league and the team. Further, the objective of the team members is significantly affected by the relation of the team to additional assets of the team owner. Consequently, Zimbalist presents that there is no league, which has all the members with equal motivations as well as objectives; therefore, the generalization that leagues can have members with similar motivations and objectives is inconsistent and imperfect.i On the other hand, a corporate-guided market is a form of a dominant market through which abundance is achieved. Through corporate guided markets, aggregate spending is also conducted. In order to understand how this market works, it is crucial to put into consideration how corporations succeed at providing a new market for a branded product. Discussion Zimbalist’s Explanation of Different Owner Motivations of Sports Teams Concept of Competitive Balance and Different Owner Motivations Zi mbalist illustrates various concepts that motivate team owners in their business. First, he states that the team owners are not primarily motivated by the quest to make profits. Certain team owners are motivated by the social prestige so that they seek to be associated and identified with well-liked and successful sports team. Media publicity accounts for the reasons the team owners are motivated to invest in sport teams.ii Even though profit making is part of the business objectives, it does not count as the leading motivation behind such kind of businesses. The push for power, aspiration for prestige, predisposition to team identification and associated feeling of team loyalty drive and motivate the team owners to invest in league business. In addition, the other motivational reasons for team owners that equate to social prestige include personal fulfillment and enjoyment, commitment to professional sports and satisfaction found in sports.iii Second, a part of the team owners is m otivated by the pursuit of profits in sports business. Team owners may be motivated to invest in teams for nonprofit making reasons, making such team owners to be perceived as philanthropists. In contrast, some team owners are primarily motivated to achieve profits out of their investments in the teams. The behaviors revealed by the team owners in pricing regulations and the player salaries demonstrate that profit maximization also accounts for team owner motivations in sport teams. Nevertheless, the ownership motivation involving profit maximization has various inconclusive dimensions to support the hypothesis.iv Third, team ownership is motivated by the need for successful business tycoons to advertise the business products and seek approval of the community in the business they operate. The sports teams are used by these businesspersons to commercialize their ventures in sports sphere.v Furthermore, Zimbalist asserts that team ownership is motivated by the need to publicize busin ess ventures and seek refuge in the federal tax legislation’s development.vi The ownership of teams offers business tycoons tax sheltering opportunities unavailable to other types of ventures. Generally, the