The Shootings On Military Installations Essay - 1430 Words

In the past 45 years, there have been 27 shootings on various military installations with an approximate total of 78 killed and 120 injured. (Rothschild) Of those, six were prior to the 1992-gun policy directive set up by Department of Defense Deputy Director, Donald J. Atwood under President George H. W. Bush and modified by President William Clinton, restricting military personnel – with the exception of military and DoD police officers along with sentries – from carrying weapons on base (Darcy). Subsequently, there has been a rise in shootings on military installations, most of which could have undoubtedly been avoided if soldiers could properly protect themselves by having the choice to conceal or open carry on duty and off when on an installation. To avoid more bloodshed on bases, personnel must be properly equipped and ready at all times. Before men and women ship off to boot camp, they must demonstrate that they are eligible for enlistment by completing a serie s of tests. These tests are comprised of multiple drug screenings and tests, physical fitness tests, aptitude tests, an extensive background test and a pregnancy test for women. However, if you have any felonies you are automatically disqualified. Same goes with having a specific health issue for instance, having broken bones to where you have screws to keep it in place or it affecting mobility in your limbs or back, or having asthma. If you have any misdemeanors like a speeding offence, you will still beShow MoreRelatedDescription Of The Installation Police Received A Call From Mr. X906 Words   |  4 PagesAt 13:45 EST on January 1st 20xx, the installation police received a call from Mr. X, a supervisor at the gymnasium (also the location used for hosting redeployment ceremonies and other functions). He reported that one of his workers Mr. Q, was in possession of a backpack that he found unattended in the men’s locker room. According to Mr. Q, he opened the bag out of curi osity to find out if there is a name or any identification so that he can return it to the owner. Mr. Q noticed an empty or dummyRead MoreThe Incident Of The Fort Hood Shooting1108 Words   |  5 Pagesat an U.S. Army installation. Maj. Nidal Hasan, an Army psychiatrist, fatally shot 13 people and injured more than 30 others. He was facing a deployment to one of the many war zones overseas (McFadden, 2009). There are many reports about this incident and what actually took place. From what I’ve gathered, Hasan went into a processing center where soldiers go before and after they come back from deployment. After Hasan’s shooting rampage, he was finally stopped when Army Military Police (MP) officersRead MoreFort Hood Shooting725 Words   |  3 PagesPost websites. I examined all four of these websites on April 2, 2014 between 5:30p.m and 8p.m. On the Fox News website the top story was about the Fort Hood shooting. The headline was â€Å"BREAKING NEWS: At least 4 dead, 14 injured in shooting at Fort Hood† The ‘breaking news’ text was in all capitals and it was bright red. The lead was â€Å"A shooting at Ft. Hood that reportedly left at least four dead -- including the shooter -- and 14 injured Wednesday was a soldier on soldier incident without any preliminaryRead MoreWe Must Stop Gun Control967 Words   |  4 Pagesattainable in the wrong hands without the correct procedures.Owning a gun may seem that it is assuring one s safety,it does not assure that it will be in the hands of the owner. In a situation that involves your gun,it could cost a life also. The installation of gun control laws will make society safer by reducing the amount of firearm owners. Equally important, the United States had written and ratified a document in 1789, that till this day holds to be one of the most important documents for anyRead MoreResearch Paper On Na Fort Hood Shootings1870 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscreet Muslim, rarely discussing extremist views toward the U.S. military. It was reported that Hasan was communicating with the imam Anwar al-Aulaqi, who has been linked to terrorist organizations and was the imam for the mosque he attended. Following the incident, al-Aulaqi praised Hasan’s acts on known terrorists’ websites. In the morning before the incident, Hasan had visited his mosque for prayer. Moments before the shooting, Hasan had been seen saying a prayer before jumping up to yell AllahuRead MoreAl-Qa`ida in the Arabian Peninsula: Is it a Front for US Presence in the Area?900 Words   |  4 Pagesforces or oil installations AQAP has been blamed for deadly attacks against security forces, foreigners and oil and gas facilities. In September 2013, AQAP carried out major attacks against military bases in Shabwah. Most AQAP attacks involve small-scale bombings and shootings using RPGs and light automatic weapons. The target of the attacks is most often police stations and buildings belonging to the security forces or intelligence services. Other targets in Shabwah include oil installations. AmbushesRead MorePtsd Deployion To Afghanistan Case Study871 Words   |  4 Pagesgive the client the PTSD checklist military version (PCL-M). The PCL-M is a self-reportable measure that is compatible with the symptoms of PTSD outlined in the DSM-V (PTSD Check List-Military Version, 2012). There are 17 items in the PCL-M that have to do with distress from a trauma over the last month (PTSD Check List-Military Version, 2012). The PCL-M uses a five point Likert scale that ranges from 1 being not at all to 5 being extremel y (PTSD Check List-Military Version, 2012). Another measure thatRead MoreWill Gun Control Cause Any Changes in Society602 Words   |  2 Pagesmass shooting at the theater in Aurora, CO, the President of the National Rifle Association(NRA) stated, â€Å"Had someone in the audience the been armed, this tragedy could have been averted.†(Good) Shooting are accruing even in some of the most secured places, but due to laws there was no protection a prevent it. According to a CNN Wire that was published September 22, 2013, about the Naval yard shooting in Washington the CEO of the NRA stated, â€Å"The Navy Yard shooting further proves that military installationsRead MoreThe Greatest Threat Of Terrorist Hot Spots On The World Today947 Words   |  4 Pageslike all of these equally is our greatest challenge as a nation, it reminds me of the juggler at the circus, only this juggler is juggling with chainsaws. I would also have to include in Russia as well as China into the mix f rom the standpoint of military action in Syria on the part of Russia along with it’s nuclear capabilities and the cyber attacks of China, which know doubts holds a great deal of my information. Our country is being pulled in many different directions and with the advancementRead MoreGun Control Of The United States Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment from completely banning guns in America, limited restrictions are allowed on the distribution and possession of firearms. Certain groups of people such as criminals, the mentally unstable, and soldiers dishonorably discharged from the military are prohibited from possessing or interacting with firearms (Flynn). These restrictions are enforced by background checks in some states on both a state and federal level. However, gun laws vary from state to state and are often not strict enough

Real-time Overlay of Map Features onto a Video Feed Essay

Cognitics, Inc. proposes a novel software system that combines a geospatial database and a 3D-simulated environment with technology developed by Lockheed Martin for targeting systems. The new software system will be able to precisely identify the camera position and orientation for each frame of video, and use that information to accurately overlay the video frames with a wide variety of geospatial and map features. This technology can dramatically increase the situational awareness of UAV pilots by displaying and/or highlighting the location of targets, troops, landmarks, or any other item that has a geographic location component. Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control has a huge amount of experience and technology in targeting and†¦show more content†¦If the camera information is precise, there will be excellent correlation between the synthetic scene and the scene from the video frame. When differences exist, ground control points will be generated and a transformation matrix will be derived to determine a more precise camera model. By feeding this precise camera model as well as a position computed using dead-reckoning like position predictions into a filtering algorithm such as a Kalman filter, we can integrate multiple data sources for the most precise camera position information. This will allow the overlay to be precise even when GPS signals are poor, or visibility on the UAV video feed is poor due to dust or clouds. Using the precise transformation matrix, any 3D data can be accurately overlaid over the video frame. Additionally, any pixel on the video frame can be translated back to latitude, longitude, and elevation using the transformation matrix and the synthetic 3D environment. Because of the accurate transformation matrix we obtain through our approach, it is possible to overlay any geospatial feature, 3D model, or map content over the video frame. Features such as controlled airspace can be rendered as a semi-transparent 3D object in the sky. The data to be overlaid is rendered using the transformation matrix to a pixel buffer with a transparency channel. That buffer can then be overlaid on the actual video frame from the UAV and encoded back into a H.264 MPEG4 stream for display on any systemShow MoreRelatedComputer Shop Case Study11796 Words   |  48 Pagesfinancially, emotionally and socially. They may not that famous, but they deserved to have an acknowledgement. We sincerely would like to thank to the person behind this interview to make this possible. For our teacher, who make it real and for giving us encouragement to did this. To Mr. Samboy who gives us an information about the background of the cafà ©, and to Mr. Handsome who gave us lots of information about their computers. 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Technology Offers Services Related To Health-Myasignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Technology Offers Services Related To Health? Answer: Introducation Telehealth technologies are one of the rising models that offer better possible support. The technology offers services related to health through telecommunication (Lindberg et al., 2013). This system involves with simple services such as two clinicians or health professionals discussing about a health case over telephone about serious complicated case such as performing a robotic surgery sitting at different regions of the globe. This innovation within the technological and communicating systems have supported the patients in receiving the best medical consultation staying back at their homes only (Kvedar, Coye Everett, 2014). Therefore, the systems through which all the medical advices along with their solutions are received through phone or the internet are gaining popularity with growing technology. Singapore is introducing new systems with the progression of technology, communication based services and medical need (Van Velsen et al., 2015). Thus various studies have been condu cted in Singapore with desire to visualize if the population in this country are benefitted by utilising telehealth. Any individual having a phone or with internet connection can avail the facility in case of any urgency. Telehealth system is of much importance to those patients who are chronically ill and usually requires multiple visits to the clinics due to monitor their health. These services are available in Singapore from a couple of years as the country is facing a increased growth in population, chronic disease explosion and increased population of the aging people (Tabish Syed, 2015). Delivering these healthcare services will facilitate the old aged people in receiving nursing at home without any reason to travel far to visit the clinician. Apart from getting relief from travelling, it also minimises the travelling costs and also reduce the time that is taken by the clinicians to assess the patients (De San Miguel, Smith Lewin 2013). Thus, there lies a significant compari son between the telehealth systems and methods conducted traditionally, as a single clinician can assess many patients within a single day (Gratch et al., 2013). Pros and cons of telehealth in Singapore The telehealth impacts the quality and management of the medical services in a very impressive and positive way in Singapore (Gabbrielli, 2013). Therefore this technique is spreading increasingly throughout the entire world along with Singapore itself as the patients and clinicians are quite happy with the outcome measures. In Singapore, the Ministry of Health is in charge of building the required steps in implementation of the telehealth services. They are also trying to establish this system to as many areas and regions as possible in order to make this system accessible to large extent of people (Bhowmik et al., 2013). The positive impacts of telehealth on the health quality of the patients helps in bringing the nursing care within the home and thus the patient can enhance the access to healthcare successfully. Thus this system increases and improves the productivity of the healthcare system in Singapore (Kalpa, 2012). Telehealth also contributes in offering integrated and continuous care in order to meet the effectiveness of the healthcare needs. This system is increasing the productivity of the therapist or consultation by improving the nursing professionals as they can offer treatment and care to large patient groups (Haseltine, (2013). It also optimises the resources in order to overcome the constraints of the manpower within the healthcare community. Implementing the telehealth in every corner of the Singapore has delivered quality healthcare services to a large extent of ageing population (Tabish Syed, 2015). It has also enabled and assisted the old aged people who cannot mobilise to age in their home environment. Apart from this, it has also minimised the patients need along with their caregivers from travelling and waiting long for getting appointments in the clinics and hospitals. Based on this system, a setup was established named NEHR (National Electronic Health Record), which functions as a system of data exchange by storing the consolidated clinical records about each and every individual in Singapore (Sinha et al., 2012). Through this data exchange system, the clinicians and medical professionals can avail the patients medical history thereby helping them in making decisions and saving time required for duplicating medical tests. Thus by sharing the information an updated and complete patient record is available to the healthcare staffs throughout numerous institutions of healthcare. This helps to ensure the continuation of care, enhancing the accurate measurements of the clinical decisions and finally provide effective outcomes of care (Meier et al., 2013). On the other hand, apart from positive impact of telehealth services, some negative impacts were also noted. The clients were not sure about whether they would like the change as a lot of them were not acquainted with computers or internet. Even the staffs of the technology were undecided if the technology would bring positive experience in the clients as it would be difficult at some points to monitor the situation in home through video conferencing and would improve the medications management (Munir et al., 2017). In the upcoming few years, Singapore is estimated to face two major key challenges within the healthcare system. One of them is the rapid ageing of the population and the other is the crunchy manpower (Huang et al., 2015). There will be an increased life expectancy by tripling the elder citizens number to 900,000 by 2030. Along with the increased life expectancy, the small working base with be about as less as 2.1 working citizens aged 65 and above it (Thomas et al., 2015). Thus, to address the challenges faced, Singapore is implementing the smart technology use in order to transform the healthcare system. According to Jacqueline Poh, the managing director of the Infocomm Development Authority (IDA), they were lacking required hospital beds for taking care of the overall aging population in Singapore and thus there lies a need for aging in their own place and care should be provided in the community (Sterner, 2013).Based on these needs, the technology can be helpful in providing pers onalised care during the patients visits to the clinics. Thus the technology can play a key role for operating with excellence thereby optimising the resources of the healthcare system. At recent time, the government of the Singapore has announced a national plan costing 3 billion dollar with an aim of helping the old aged senior citizens to age well (Ngan, 2017). Different types of active aging centres will be established within the new developments of public housing within which the smart technology with telehealth system can be effectively used for the palliative care of the intermediate and long term care of the old aged people through care hubs that are centre based and through rehabilitation services. Along with this, a national innovative challenge will be formed costing approximately 200 million dollars for catalysing the aging researches and encouraging the research community in developing innovative ideas (Tabish Syed, 2015). Implementing telehealth in palliative care in intermediate and long term treatment in Singapore: Clinical record of Singapore has reported that almost 48% cases of disease burden is associated with chronic illness such as high cholesterol, stroke, diabetes and hypertension which is estimated to rise to 600,000 by the beginning of 2030 (MacPherson, 2012). Thus, due to shortage of medical requirements in the hospitals, Singapore had planned to include telehealth services by helping the residents in availing the palliative care in intermediate and long term treatment from home and thus will be able to monitor their conditions of health and access medical attention whenever required. The managing director of the IDA had also said that they along with their healthcare partners are planning to set up a program of Smart Health-Assit to discover the ICT utilities in delivering care to the patients based on their comfort from home or community sectors. Thus to start the program first thing to be noted was the way of managing the chronic diseases by the use of wearable devices and sensor equipment placed within the public housings (Billings et al., 2013). After placing, the processed data from the devices would be delivered to the care providers and healthcare sectors for further processing. The model of the Smart Health-Assist program is a section of paradigm shifted from episodic, followed by healthcare reactivity to pre-emptiness and preventive healthcare. The sensors for monitoring health would be embedded in the patients home environment and the information recorded would be transferred to the health professionals with proper accuracy and regularity. Any information related to decline in patients health could be detected promptly with an early possible treatment followed by and preventive intervention by the healthcare professionals (Baig Gholamhosseini, 2013). This early detection could help the patients in reducing their visits in the clinics, emergency departments of the hospitals along with inpatient admissions. Personal Management of health Apart from this, the healthcare sectors also planned to shift their goal towards the management of personal health in Singapore (Dhawan et al., 2015). This would help the citizens in managing their self health by accessing their own personal records of health and other essential information. All these facilities would be made feasible through applications from web and mobile which would effectively allow promoting of health activities and well being. The Minister for Health, Gan Kim Young, said that with this context that there was an increased desire by the population in managing their own health through a number of avenues (Haseltine, 2013). This willingness opened an opportunity to IT based health industry in considering the utility of behavioural sciences, social marketing and outreaching the public by involving the ownership of the people in their health outcomes. Thus, with an increase in healthy population, the chronic disease incidence would be minimised and finally reduce th e requirement of the healthcare systems (Patel et al., 2012). Smart Hospitals Telehealth service could also play role within the hospitals of Singapore. Telehealth based infocomm system could ease the shortfalls of manpower and enable the effective utility of resources (Liew, 2015). The managing director of the IDA said that, Singapore could exert a potential role in optimising the resources of healthcare as they had warranted optimisation. They had a huge crowd of patients in their public hospitals, thus the healthcare resources should be optimised via automation. Based on this fact, he allocated the name of Ng Teng Fong Hospital as an example. This hospital used guided vehicles in order to deliver food products and linen thereby reducing the required manpower (Yen, 2012). Hospitals had transformed into automated robotic pharmacies with automated machines for dispensing and devices to scan the overall workflow such as picking the medication, packaging, labelling them, assembling and verifying. All these advancement had proved to be a huge benefit in making th e medication safer with greater accuracy and also saving the capital resources of human (Maksimovi? Vujovi?, 2017). The resources of the healthcare could also be set free with the advent of the technology through wireless monitoring. The wearable patient devices for monitoring such as a mobile device has the potential to monitor the blood pressure, body temperature, oxygen saturation level, pulse rate and other related vital signs (Appelboom et al., 2014). The measurements recorded are transferred to the nurses station via Wifi facilitating close monitoring of an increased number of patients at any time thereby minimising the vulnerability of expensive emergency events. A recent study conducted in the Singapore hospitals revealed numerous critical events of deteriorating patients which enabled the caregivers in implementing interventions within a proper time (Chan et al., 2012). Health Data Exchange Systems Telehealth supported exchange systems of health data, the NEHR (National Electronic Health Record) was established in 2011 that functions in storing the medical records of every individual in Singapore (Zhang Xu, 2012). Through this system the doctors could easily avail the patients medical history with an objective to support the patient in their decision making. Gan, the Minster for Health delivered that with the system of information sharing, the health care members could avail an updated and clear record of the patient health thereby assuring the continuous care by enhancing the accurate decisions and provide better health outcomes (Richesson et al., 2013). Immediately after the implementation, the NEHR effectively had rolled out over 796 institutes throughout the healthcare organisation and also allocated access to 18571 users to medical records (). Moreover, IDA is looking ahead to build a federated system of data exchange for improving the healthcare data of Singapore through analytics (Rudin, Tang Bates, 2014). According to Poh, the term smart nation corresponds to data and thus it is essential that all the data captured from the body, home, environment and hospitals are included to a good cause through an important federated model (Kobetski Axelsson, 2012). He also said that policies are being instrumented to form federated grids and systems of data along with a data exchange for healthcare to offer the various sectors in monitoring the patients with a three-sixty degree visualisation and thus will be able to record data for researching clinically in order to provide increased healthcare solutions in the near future. Smart Health TeleRehab It is a telehealth model that was piloted by the Integrated health Information Systems (IHiS) and T-Rehab, which was implemented from the May 2017. This teleRehab will help the patents to recover from severe conditions such as stroke, limb amputations, deconditioning and fractures (Hondori, Khademi Lopes, 2012). With this facility the patients can restrict to confront the physical barriers and relief their caregivers by not accompanying them to the rehabilitation centre as well as their therapists from visiting their home (Franklin Cheville, 2015). Thus, in this way the new development of the technology through telehealth will positively affect the growth of the palliative care in intermediate and long term care in the health system of Singapore. Aim of the project: A project proposal from a palliative care leader to seek approval from the Board of Directors in the implementation of telehealth technology for palliative care in a new nursing home. Background: Decline in birth rates along with longer-surviving population had caused an age-shift in Singapore. It is expected that the median aged population will reach to 47 by 2030 (Swee-Hock, 2012). According to the World Health Statistics, in Singapore the life expectancy is considered to be the highest throughout the World with an average of 83 years in 201. The population in Singapore aging 65 years or above are expected to be five in one by 2030. Thus as the population ages, the patients in need of palliative care will increase respectively (Thomas et al., 2015). The major goal of palliative care is to provide relief to the patients suffering from prolonged illness and also ensures the best possible quality life of the patients (Fayers Machin, 2013). Thus it is essential to frame the healthcare system in nursing homes in order to deliver effective care to the patients in their home environment thereby restricting the frequent admission in the hospitals and thereby reduce the treatment costs. Based on this prospect, to bring the health care services closer to them, implementing telehealth technology in the nursing home can help the seniors in managing their chronic conditions keeping the acute settings behind in Singapore (Carretero et al., 2013). Telehealth is the technology that uses digital information and communications to provide medical care, public health services and health education by linking multiple users from different locations (Lupton, 2014). This uses clinical information that is exchanged from one to another site through electronic communications in order to improve the health status of the clinic. The technology involves applications and services by two-way video use, smart phones, wireless gadgets and email (Majedi, Naeem Anpalagan, 2016). Thus implementing telehealth services in the nursing home will remove the professional, geographic and economic barriers in delivering care by connecting the healthcare professionals, caregivers an d patients through a virtual network. The services delivered by telehealth technology are cost effective, appropriate and appropriate (Free et al., 2013). Strategic plan: Implementing the telehealth technology will benefit the patients as well as the nursing home too. Speaking about the patients, they will experience immediate benefits of this technology by accessing the healthcare team and thereby will participate in achieving their goals of healthcare (Davidson et al., 2013). Some of the benefits are enlisted here: Improved access: Will improve the service access to the patients and the family within real-time and will also expand the reach to the service providers. It will increase the ability of practitioners in accessing the specialized health services from other location (Mohr et al., 2013). Apart from improving the service access it will also ease the shortfalls of manpower in the nursing home. Cost efficiency: Telehealth technology will reduce the care cost and thereby will increase the efficiency by providing quality management of chronic illness along with on time access to service providers (Clifford Clifton, 2012). This program will also significantly minimize the travel time. Improved quality: Interventions on time in the home of patients will improve the clinical outcomes and will increase the satisfaction of the patient as because of real-time connection (Thomas et al., 2014). The following connections can be recommended in the nursing home. Wed-based applications: Patients will be able to download the applications that are web-based in communication purpose and monitor their health status virtually. For an example, a patient portal can be created to report the blood pressure, glucose levels or weight (de la Torre Dez et al., 2016). Patient monitoring in remote areas: The patient can use mobile phones or similar applications in their community or home to monitor their health. Through this they can interact with the health care facility about their health status (Kvedar, Coye Everett, 2014). Example: Recorded health status can be transferred through the web-based application to the primary care giver. Store and forward: The technology will facilitate to capture video or image and store them to be accessed by the health care provider to provide virtual healthcare (Schwamm, 2014). Example: Take and store a photo of the injured area and will be accessed and reviewed by the medical team and treatment will be recommended. There were certain challenges related to implementing telehealth technology (Taylor et al., 2015). Lack in availability of telehealth supporting staff and medical staff providing the service. Facing difficulties in using and organising the telehealth technology in terms of correctly connecting the equipment, integrating the medical information systems, and other peripheral devices supporting the telehealth interactions. Lack of grant funds that are limited, accessing the technical equipments and the staff can be expensive. Lack in availing proper guidelines, standard procedures and training workshops to use the telehealth technology and their services. Conclusion: Apart from all the key challenges, this technology involves many positive impact and outcomes. With the increased need of palliative care in the growing aged population in Singapore, implementing the tehehealth technology in the new nursing home will not only benefit the organisation by easing the manpower shortage but will also help the patients with chronic illness with an effective treatment at home thereby reducing frequent admission to the hospitals and minimising travel time and costs. References Appelboom, G., Camacho, E., Abraham, M. E., Bruce, S. S., Dumont, E. L., Zacharia, B. E., ... Connolly, E. S. (2014). Smart wearable body sensors for patient self-assessment and monitoring.Archives of Public Health,72(1), 28. Baig, M. M., Gholamhosseini, H. (2013). Smart health monitoring systems: an overview of design and modeling.Journal of medical systems,37(2), 9898. Bhowmik, D., Duraivel, S., Singh, R. K., Kumar, K. S. (2013). Telemedicine-an innovating healthcare system in India.The Pharma Innovation,2(4). 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Women In China Essays - Gender Studies, Chinese Women,

Women In China Women in China- Then and Now Traditionally, the family has been the most important unit of Chinese society, and holds true till today. Over the last couple of years or so, new definitions of womens roles have been formed as many Chinese women have received higher education, have joined the work force, begun to compete with men, and become financially independent. Confucianism and the Communist movement greatly influenced the role of women and the family structure in China. Classical literature played an essential part in defining family and the Classical women. The Book of Changes illustrates the role of women and family through history. This book emphasized on a perfect society in which each person would wholeheartedly accept the parts assigned to them, devoting themselves to their responsibilities to others. Other literature glorifies and defines the ideal women, by stressing the main theme of submission. Throughout life, women were to follow the Three Submissions, which are as follows: observing filial piety in childhood, submitting to ones husband in marriage, and obeying ones son in widowhood. With such notable exceptions as the old empress-dowager, women in traditional China were largely deprived of a public role, and certainly of a political one. The position of women in traditional China was based upon two considerations. First, there was the masculine prejudice, which was common to most societies, which insists that a womens place is in the home and their contribution in is all respects secondary to that of the male. The second factor comes from the structure of a society, which depends so much upon family and clan. In traditional China, a woman married away from home and took up residence in her husbands house, normally under the eye of her parents-in-law. The function of marriage was basically to maintain the male lineage upon which the future depended, and a womans status depended very considerably upon the sons she produced. Should she fail this duty, a principal wife could find herself supplemented by a concubine, in which there was no reason why the husband should decline the younger favorite. In contrast, the definition of womens roles and family changed dramatically during the Communist Movement. The idea of communism was that of collectivism and equality. In this movement, religion was thought to be a numbing agent that only caused false hope; therefore many old rituals and Confucian ideas were somewhat dismissed and women became equal. The object of the movement was to promote womens participation in all aspects of social life. Women were encouraged to work in the countryside and at city jobs. Educational opportunities for women also increased significantly. By the end of the 1940s coeducation had become an accepted social norm. Women in China today are otherwise known as half the sky, (Yanfen, 2000), which is a popular saying indicating that women can make the same contribution to society as men, and enjoy the gender equality and social status assured them since the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. In fact, Chinas Constitution guarantees gender equality. By the end of 1997, women accounted for 46.5 percent of the national workforce, one of the highest labor participation ratios in the world. Economic independence has also resulted in improved family status for women. They can marry a husband of their choice, is able to possess on inherit property, and can decide for themselves whether or not to have a child. Over the past half a century, the consciousness of gender equality has made a big impact on Chinese women today. They now have a higher sense of self-respect, self-confidence, self-improvement, and self-support. Despite the tremendous achievements throughout this past century, the re is still much more that needs to be done. Women are still inferior to men in education, employment, and political participation especially in rural areas. With the new technological innovations, economic growth, and social progress, hopefully, Chinese women and men become entirely equal. History